INVESTIGATING FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING OF DENTAL CLINICAL SKILLSArash Shahriari-Rad, Jonathan P. San Diego, Margaret J. Cox, |
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The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to use the virtual learning haptic environment designed and evaluated by the hapTEL1 project to measure students' performance of a range of clinical caries removal tasks and how the feedback they receive from the system contributes to formative assessment in the undergraduate dental curriculum. Twelve VRS workstations were developed by the hapTEL project (Cox et al., 2009) and used for training hand-eye coordination in performing tasks related to clinical surgery replicating the sense of sound, vision and touch. In 2009/10, 144 first-year dental undergraduate students used the first curriculum version of these hapTEL workstations and traditional dental simulators in the phantom head laboratory. A range of evaluation techniques have been deployed by the hapTEL project which include the capture of computer operations based on dynamic screen replays and system logs representing students' haptic interaction with the systems. The visualisations of these logs were analysed to find out how these data could be used to enhance formative feedback techniques and how graphical displays of these operations could improve the quality of traditional teaching methods. The results show that computer log-files collected from haptic dental work stations can be used to display a graphical representation of students' performances. This type of feedback provides immediate evidence to the students of how well they have performed the cavity preparations and how their performances can be improved with multiple attempts. This compares favourably with the less systematic feedback which is possible in the traditional phantom head laboratory because of the limited number of tutors available. These forms of visualization of the data could therefore be used to enhance traditional formative and summative assessment techniques in the dental curriculum. |
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